疼痛甩尾主要是用于测量大、小鼠尾巴部受红外热刺激的痛觉阈值。实验时，当动物感觉疼痛，尾巴会轻敲台面，内置传感器会立刻检测到，停止计时和关闭光源，即仪器自动记录反应时间和光源强度。数据可通过闪存、USB数据线等导出。

命令：	软键和脚踏板		连接电脑：	DELTA 9-pin连接头，USB连线
数据读取：	液晶显示		电源：	universal mains 85-264 VAC, 50-60Hz
打印：	微型热敏打印机（需另外购买）		工作温度：	15° - 30° C
开始：	红外开关		声级：	< 70 dB
红外强度：	10-99级间可调		红外光源灯泡：	Halogen "Bellaphot", Mod. 64607 OSRAM, 8V-50W
反应时间：	液晶屏显示，分辨率为0.1s		校准：	红外热辐射计（需另外购买）
截止时间：	预置，15 - 60 s间

特征	优点
仪器自动记录实验数据	精度高，避免人为因素引起的误差
包含U盘和软件	可独立工作，也可连接电脑使用
仪器工作台表面无突出和遮挡物件	操作方便，实验重复性好

方法

- F.E. D’Amour & D.L. Smith: "A Method for Determining Loss of Pain Sensation." J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 72: 74-79, 1941.

- T.O. Lilius et alia: "The Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Spironolactone Enhances Morphine Antinociception” Eur. J. of Pain online view, 2013

- J.W. Little et alia: “Spinal Mitochondrial-Derived Peroxynitrite Enhances Neuroimmune Activation During Morphine Hyperalgesia and Antinociceptive Tolerance” Pain 154 (7): 978-986, 2013

- P.J. McLaughlin et alia: “Behavioral Effects of the Novel Potent Cannabinoid CB1 Agonist AM 4054”Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 109: 16-22, 2013

- T.A. Kosten et alia: “A Morphine Conjugate Vaccine Attenuates the Behavioral Effects of Morphine in Rats” Progr. in Neuro-Psychopharmacol. and Biol. Psychiatry 45: 223–229, 2013

- T.C. Chen et alia: “Spontaneous inflammatory Pain Model From a Mouse Line With N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea Mutagenesis” J. Biomed. Science 19 (55): 2–15, 2012

- J. Walsh et alia: “Disruption of Thermal Nociceptive Behaviour in Mice Mutant for the Schizophrenia-Associated Genes NRG1, COMT and DISC1” Brain Res. 1348: 114-119, 2012

- K. Guillemyn et alia: “In vivo Antinociception of Potent mu Opioid Agonist Tetrapeptide Analogues and Comparison with a Compact Opioid Agonist-neurokin 1 Receptor Antagonist Chimera” Molecular Brain5 (4): 2-11, 2012

- A.J. Morrison et alia: “Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationships of indole-3-heterocycles as Agonists of the CB1 Receptor” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21: 506-509, 2011

- M. Spetea et alia: “In vitro and in vivo Pharmacological Profile of the 5-benzyl Analogue of 14-methoxymetopon, a Novel μ Opioid Analgesic with Reduced Propensity to Alter Motor Function” Eur. J. Pharmac. Sciences 41: 125-135, 2010

- C.A. Boehm et alia: “Midazolam Enhances the Analgesic Properties of Dexmedetomidine in the Rat”Vet. Anaesthesia and Analgesia 37 (6): 550-556, 2010

- M.A. Philips et alia: “Myg1-Deficient Mice Display Alterations in Stress-Induced Responses and Reduction of Sex-Dependent Behavioural Differences” Behav. Brain Res. 207: 182-195, 2010

- C. Dawson et alia: “ Dexmedetomidine Enhances Analgesic Action of Nitrous Oxide” Anesthesiology 100 (4): 894−904, 2004

- P. Tolu et alia: “ Effects of Long-Term Acetyl-L-carnitine Administation in Rats: I. Increased Dopamine Output in Mesocorticolimbic Areas and Protection Toward Acute Stress Exposure” Neuropsychopharmacol. 27 (3): 410-420, 2002

- R. Nadeson et alia: “ Potentiation by Ketamine of Fentanyl Antinociception. I. An Experimental Study in Rats Showing that Ketamine Administered by Non-Spinal Routes Targets Spinal Cord Antinociceptive Systems” Br. J. Anaesthesia 88 (5): 685−691, 2002

- L. Jasmin et alia: “ The NK1 Receptor mediates Both the Hyperalgesia and the Resistance to Morphine in Mice Lacking Noradrenaline” PNAS 99 (2): 1029−1034, 2002

- G.L. Fraser et alia: “ Antihyperalgesic Effects of Opioid Agonists in a Rat Model of Chronic Inflammation” Br. J. Pharmacol. 129: 1668−1672, 2000

- M. Xu et alia: “ Effects of Radolmidine, a Novel α2- Adrenergic Agonist Compared with Dexmedetomidine in Different Pain Models in the Rat” Anesthesiology 93 (2): 473−481, 2000

-  A. Köster et alia: “Targeted Disruption of the Orphanin Fq/Nociceptin Gene Increases Stress Susceptibility and Impairs Stress Adaptation In Mice” Neurobiology 96 (18): 10444-10449, 1999

- I. Sora et alia: “Opiate Receptor Knockout Mice Define µ Receptor Roles in Endogenous Nociceptive Responses and Morphine-Induced Analgesia” Neurobiology 94: 1544-1549, 1997

- C.T. Dourish et alia: "The Selective CCK-B Receptor Antagonist L-365,260 Enhances Morphine Analgesia and Prevents Morphine Tolerance in the Rat" Europ. J. Pharmacol. 176: 35-44, 1990

- P.W. Nance & J. Sawinok: "Substance P-Induced Long-Term Blockade of Spinal Adrenergic Analgesia: Reversal by Morphine and Naloxone" J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. Vol. 240, No. 3: 972-977, 198